CHEMISTRY
The
branch of science which deals with the composition and properties of matter,
changes in matter and the laws or principles which govern these changes is
called Chemistry.
BRANCHES
OF CHEMISTRY
1.
Physical Chemistry
It is the branch of chemistry that deals
with the law and the principles governing the combination of atoms and
molecules in chemical reactions.
2.
Inorganic Chemistry
The study of all elements and their
compounds except carbon is called inorganic chemistry.
OR
It is the branch of chemistry that deals
with chemistry of elements and their compounds, generally obtained from
non-living organisms i.e. from minerals.
3.
Organic Chemistry
The branch of chemistry in which we
study the compounds of carbon is called organic chemistry.
4.
Analytical Chemistry
It is the branch of chemistry that deals
with the study of the methods and techniques involved to determine the kind,
quality and quantity of various components in a given substance
5.
Biochemistry
The study of chemical compounds present
in living things is called biochemistry.
6.
Industrial Chemistry
The application of chemical knowledge in
technology and industry and the preparation of industrial products are called
industrial chemistry.
7.
Nuclear Chemistry
It is the branch of chemistry that deals
with the study of changes occurring in the nuclei of atoms, accompanied by the
emission of invisible radiations.
8.
Environmental Chemistry
It is the branch of chemistry that deals
with the study of the interaction of chemical materials and their effect on the
environment of animals and plants.
9.
Polymeric Chemistry
It is the branch of chemistry that deals
specially with the study of polymerization and the products obtained through
the process of polymerization such as plastics, synthetic fibers, paper etc.
STEPS
INVOLVED IN GETTING INFORMATION IN THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD
Science
is not only an integrated knowledge of physical and biological phenomena but
also the methodology through which this knowledge is gathered. The process of
scientific discoveries is a cyclic process.
In science the facts are gathered through observations and experiments and then theories or law are deduced. The scientific method include following four steps:
In science the facts are gathered through observations and experiments and then theories or law are deduced. The scientific method include following four steps:
1. Observation
2. Inference
3. Prediction
4. Experiment
2. Inference
3. Prediction
4. Experiment
1.
Observation
The
observations are made by the five senses of man. Men made equipments are also
used for making observations. For example microscope is used for observing
minute objects. Thermometer is used to measure temperature. Sensitive balance
is used to determine the mass of a very light object. The capacity of man made
instruments is also limited. But it can be improved by improving technology.
Thus better and more reliable information are given to the scientists who
produce better result. Information acquired through careful observations are
called facts. These facts are foundation of scientific knowledge.
2.
Inference
The
facts gathered through observations are carefully arranged and properly
classified. Correlating the knowledge thus acquired with previous knowledge, we
try to think of a tentative solution to explain the observed phenomenon. The
tentative solution is called hypothesis. The validity of this hypothesis is
tested through the results obtained from experiments. The results are discussed
by the scientists and the hypothesis is accepted or rejected. The accepted
hypothesis then takes the form of theory. A theory when repeatedly gives the
same results after experimentation and gives correct explanation of the
scientific facts becomes a law or principle.
A theory remains valid until contrary informations are given on the basis of
experimentation. Thus a hypothesis requires experimental support. But
Avogadro’s hypothesis has been accepted as law without any experimental
support.
3.
Prediction
Facts,
theories and laws which are deduced from observation can help in deducing more
facts and phenomenon. This process is called prediction.
4.
Experiment
An
experiment is an integrated activity, which is performed under suitable
conditions with specially designed instruments to get the required information.
Such information is used to test the validity of the hypothesis. If a
hypothesis is proved correct. It increases the reliability of known facts. If
it is proved wrong, it stil can give information which can be used to deduce
other results.
CHEMISTRY
AND SOCIETY
Chemistry
has played important role for well being of mankind in the form of food,
clothing, shelter, medical treatment and chemical fertilizers, crops protected
by insecticides, refined food and production of artificial fiber. Production of
cement, iron bricks, glass, paint etc are all due to chemistry.
The hazards of chemistry are so vast that no aspect of human life has remained unaffected. The smoke coming from chimneys of chemial industries and from vehicles pollute the air. It is very dangerous to breath in that air. Similarly waste water from industry, pollute canals, rivers and has bad effect on land. Excessive chemical spray on plants also has bad effect.
The hazards of chemistry are so vast that no aspect of human life has remained unaffected. The smoke coming from chimneys of chemial industries and from vehicles pollute the air. It is very dangerous to breath in that air. Similarly waste water from industry, pollute canals, rivers and has bad effect on land. Excessive chemical spray on plants also has bad effect.
Radicals:
Such elements and compounds
having charge are called radicals. There are two types of radicals:
1. Negative radical
2. Positive radical
1. Negative radical
2. Positive radical
1. Negative
Radicals:
Such elements and compounds having negative charge are called negative radicals.
Such elements and compounds having negative charge are called negative radicals.
No.
|
Radicals
|
Symbols
|
01
|
Chlorine / Chloride
|
Cl
-1
|
02
|
Fluorine / Fluoride
|
F
-1
|
03
|
Bromine / Bromide
|
Br
-1
|
04
|
Chlorate
|
ClO3-1
|
05
|
Peroxide
|
O
-1
|
06
|
Oxide
|
O
-2
|
07
|
Bi-carbonate
|
HCO3-1
|
08
|
Carbonate
|
CO3-2
|
09
|
Paramagnet
|
MnO4-1
|
10
|
Magnate
|
MnO4-2
|
11
|
Acetate
|
CH3COO-1
|
12
|
Sulphar / Sulphid
|
S-2
|
13
|
Bi-sulphate
|
HSO4-1
|
14
|
Sulphate
|
SO4-2
|
15
|
Bi-sulphite
|
HSO3-1
|
16
|
Sulphite
|
SO3-2
|
17
|
Nitrogan / Nitride
|
N-3
|
18
|
Phosphate
|
PO4-3
|
19
|
Phosphite
|
PO3-3
|
20
|
Chromate
|
CrO4-2
|
21
|
Di-chromate
|
Cr2O7-2
|
22
|
Oxalate
|
C2O4-2
|
23
|
Hydride
|
H-1
|
24
|
Nitrate
|
NO3-1
|
25
|
Di-nitrate
|
NO2-1
|
26
|
Borate
|
B4O7-2
|
27
|
Silicate
|
SiO3-2
|
28
|
Phosphorous
|
P-3
|
29
|
Aluminate
|
AlO2-1
|
30
|
Format
|
CHOO-1
|
31
|
Cyanide
|
CNO-1
|
2. Positive
Radicals:
Such elements and compounds having positive charge are called positive radicals.
Such elements and compounds having positive charge are called positive radicals.
No.
|
Radicals
|
Symbols
|
01
|
Sodium
|
Na+1
|
02
|
Ammonium
|
NH4+1
|
03
|
Hydrogen
|
H+1
|
04
|
Rubidium
|
Rb+1
|
05
|
Potassium
|
K+1
|
06
|
Calcium
|
Ca+2
|
07
|
Barium
|
Ba+2
|
08
|
Nickel
|
Ni+2
|
09
|
Cobalt
|
Co+2
|
10
|
Magnesium
|
Mg+2
|
11
|
Manganese
|
Mn+2
|
12
|
Zinc
|
Zn+2
|
13
|
Copper
/ Cuprous
|
Cu+1
|
14
|
Cupric
|
Cu+2
|
15
|
Boron
|
B+3
|
16
|
Bismuth
|
Bi+3
|
17
|
Antimony
|
Sb+3
|
18
|
Silver
|
Ag+1
|
19
|
Gold
|
Au+3
|
20
|
Ammonium
|
NH4+1
|
21
|
Cadmium
|
Cd+2
|
22
|
Carbon
|
C+4
|
23
|
Mercurous
|
Hg+1
|
24
|
Mercuric
|
Hg+2
|
25
|
Beryllium
|
Be+2
|
26
|
Starnium
|
Sr+2
|
27
|
Chromium
|
Cr+3
|
28
|
Ferrous
|
Fe+2
|
29
|
Ferric
|
Fe+3
|
30
|
Lithium
|
Li+1
|
NICE WORDS DUDE
ReplyDeleteI LOVED IT
good way to help beginners
ReplyDeletegood way to help beginners
ReplyDeletehelpless
ReplyDeleteIt is very helpful for me coz i was writting my work from refrence book and there was soo difficulty 😍
ReplyDelete