Class XI, BIOLOGY, "Summary of Kingdom Anamalia"

Summary of Kingdom Anamalia

(1) PHYLUM PORIFERA

• Porous body
• CaCO3 Silica Skeleton
• Asymmetrical
• Amphiblastula larva
• Diffuse cellular organization
• Spongocoel body cavity

(2) PHYLUM CNIDARIA

• Radially symmetrical
• Body cavity “Coelentron”
• Pnedoblast – Defensive cells
• Diploblast (Ecto + Endoderm)
• Middle non-cellular layer “Mesoglea”
• Larva – Planula Larva
• Morphologically

a- Medusa = Umbrella like
b- Polyp = Rod shaped
(3) PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES

• Flatworms
• Totally Parasite
• Flat or Ribbon shaped
• Excretory organs – Proto nephridia (Flame cells)
• Aeoelomate (Absence of body cavity)
• It is the first phylum containing triplo blastic animals
• Usually Hermaphrodites
• Planaria is the only free living member
• High fertility rate
• Bilaterally Symmetrical

(4) PHYLUM ASCHELMINTHES (NEMATODA – ROUND WORMS)

• Totally parasitic including 50 human parasite
• Bilaterally symmetrical with cylindrical body
• Two openings (Mouth & Anus)
• Psudocoelomates
• Common diseases – Ascariasis, filiariasis (elephantiasis), hook worm infection.

(5) PHYLUM ANNELIDA (SEGMENTED WORMS)

• Metamers (External segmentation)
• Septae (Internal segmentation)
• Setae (Locomotary organs) or cheata
• Digestive, excretory, nervous, reproductive system well developed.
• Respiration through diffusion
• Blood is red with a closed type of circulatory system (with many pulsatile hearts)

CLASS POLYCHEATA

• Setae with Parapodia
• Separate sexes
• Sabella (Peacock worm), Nereis (Clam worm)

CLASS OLIGOCHEATA

• Setae without Parapodia
• Pheretima (Earth worm)

CLASS HIRUNDINIA (LEACHES)

• Free living, Ecto or Endo parasite
• Contains a Enzyme hirudin which prevents blood clotting

(6) PHYLUM MOLLUSCA (SOFT BODIED ANIMAL)

• Second largest phylum
• Largest invertebrate – Gram squlds
• External hard covering calcium carbonate shell
• A grinding structure radula is present in the buccal cavity
• Thin membraneous covering of the body – mantle
• Respiration through gills
• Locomotary organ a mascular foot
• Larva – Trocophore larva

CLASS GASTROPODA

• A phenomenon torsion is present in which the animal body rotates at the angle of 180˚

Example: Pila
CLASS BIVALVIA

• Second largest class of mollusca
• Shell consist of two parts and attached with eachother by hinge joint
• Common examples: Unio, mytilus and pearl oysters

CLASS CEPHALOPODA

• All members are marine
• Locomotary organ foot transformed into suckers which bears tentacles and arms
• Example: Sepia (cuttle fish), loligo (squids), octopus (devil fish)
• Shell is absent in octopus

(7) PHYLUM ARTHROPODA ( JOINTED LEGS)

• Largest phylum
• One million species
• Metamerically segmented animals
• Blood filled cavity hoemocoel is present
• Blood without haemoglobin (white)
• Respiration: Gills, Trachea or Book lungs
• Excretory organs malphigian tubules
• Nervous system well developed
• Compound erges with sharp vision
• Metamorphosis = developmental changes which transforms a larva into its developed adult form
• Incomplete metamorphosis = egg → nymph → adult e.g. cockroach
• Complete metamorphosis = ® egg ® larva ® pupa ® adult e.g. Butterfly, common, housefly and mosquito
• Moulting (ecdysis)
• Changing over of old exoskeleton and formation of a new one
• Apiculture => Farming of honey bees
• Sericulture => Farming of silk worms

CLASS MEROSTOMATA

• Limulus (king crab)

CLASS ARCHINIDA (SPIDER LIKE)

• Group of Spiders & Scorpions
• Respiration through book lungs
• Four pair of walking legs

CLASS CRUSTACEA

• Class of prawns, shrimps, lobsters, crabs
• Two pairs of antenae, one pair of mandible and two pair of maxilla
• Exoskeleton a large plate of carapase
• Sacculina is the only parasitic member

CLASS MYRIAPODA

• Class of millipedes and centipedes
• Body is divided into similar multiple segments

CLASS INSECTA OR HEXAPODA

• Largest class (eight lakhs & 50,000 members)
• Study of insects is called entomology
• Three pairs of walking legs
• Pterygota (insects with wings)
• Apterygota (insects without wings)
• Social insects: Ants, termites, honey bees

(8) PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA (ANIMAL WITH SPINY SKIN)

• Marine animals
• Radially symmetrical
• Pentamerous body
• Water vascular system is present
• Locomotary organs are tube feets = External openings of the water vascular system
• Exoskeleton is made up of calcarious plates in the form of spines
• Power of regemeration is very great
• Phylum echinodermata, hemichordata & chordate posses common ancestor
• Bipinnaria larva is present
• Common e.g. Sea Star (Star fish, Brittle star, Sea dollar, Sea urchins, Sea cucumbers.

(9) PHYLUM HEMICHORDATA (ANIMAL WITH HALF NOTOCHORD)

• Notochord in future = Vertebral column + Skull
• Dorsal nerve cord = Brain and Spinal cord
• Pharengeal gill slits <–>Aquatic animals = gills
• -> Terrestrial = Internal neck structures
• Only 90 species are present
• Larva is tornaria larva
• Open circulatory system

(10) PHYLUM CHORDATA
GROUP ACRANIATA
Brain without any covering or skull
SUB-PHYLUM UROCHORDATA

• Also known as tunicates
• Body is enclosed in a sac tunic
• Only embryonical stages show chordate characters

SUB-PHYLUM CEPHALO CHORDATA
Embryonic as well as adult both forms show typical chordate characters
GROUP CRANIATA OR VERTEBRATA
Brain and spinal cord is enclosed in a hard covering skull & vertebral column respectively
SUB-PHYLUM AGNATHA (ANIMALS WITHOUT JAWS)

• Also known as cyclostomes or jawless fishes
• Totally parasitic
• Teeth are present in the form of rings
• Common e.g. Hag fishes, lamprey

SUB–PHYLUM GNATHOSTOMATA (ANIMAL WITH JAWS)

• Teeth may be present or absent
• Amphibians and bird lack teeth
• Fishes, reptiles, mammals do have teeth

1. SUPER – CLASS PICSES (FISHES)
Study of fish is known as echthylogy
SUB – CLASS CHONDRICHTHYES (CARTILAGENOUS FISHES)

• Endo skeleton is cartilaginous (soft boned)
• Exoskeleton – Placoid scales
• Fins are heterocircle (different size and shaped)
• Gills without any covering
• Common example (Sharks, Squids, torpedo, electric ray)
• Scolidoen (dog fish) – Small Shark

SUB – CLASS OSTEOCHYTHES (BONY FISHES)

• Exoskeleton cycloid or ctenoid scales
• Operculum is present (covering of gills)
• Fins are homocircle (Same size and shape)
• Lung fishes are included in order dipnoi.

2. SUPER CLASS TETRAPODA
1. CLASS AMPHIBIA

• Exoskeleton is absent
• Respiration by lungs, gills or skin
• Fertilization is external
• Cold blooded
• Having the characteristics of hibernation & aestivation
• Common e.g. Toads, frogs, salamanders etc.

2. CLASS REPTILIA

• Included in group amniota due to the presence of amnion in eggs
• Fertilization is internal
• Exoskeleton is made up of thick horny scales
• Important members are snakes, turtles, lizards, crocodiles and alligators
• Venom → Snake poison
• Fangs → sharped and curved teeth of snake

3. CLASS AVES (BIRDS)

• Study of birds is called ornithology
• They posses hollow bones (Pneumatic bones)
• Sound producing organ “Syrinx” is present instead of larynx.
• Teeth totally absent.

SUB CLASS RETITA (FLIGHT LESS BIRDS)
E.g. Penguin, Kiwi, Ostrich.
Ostrich → Largest Bird.
SUB CLASS CARNIATAE (FLYING BIRDS)

• Wings with interlocking system.
• Common e.g. Peacock, Seagulls, Kites, Falcon etc.
• Archeopetryx → Intermediate specie between reptiles and birds.

4. CLASS MAMMALIA

• Presence of mammary glands and hairs.
• A muscular organ diaphragm, which separates thoracic cavity from abdominal cavity.
• Teeth are present with different size and shape (heterodont).

a- Incissors → for biting and cutting purpose
b- Canives → Tearing purpose
c- Pre-Molars -> For grinding and holding purpose
d- Molars -> For grinding and holding purpose
SUB CLASS PROTOTHERA (EGG LAYING MAMMALS)

• Also called monotremous.
• Two genera with 3 species
• Oviparous.
• Common urogenital opening Cloaca is present.
• External ear is absent.
• It is a connecting link between reptiles and true mammals. e.g. spiny anteater, duck billed platypus.

SUB CLASS METATHERIA (POUCHED MAMMALS)

• Marsupials
• Give birth to live young ones.
• Special pouch like bag is present in the ventral side of female.
• This pouch is known as marsupial.
• Common e.g. Kangaroo, Kuala bear, Opossums.

SUB CLASS EUTHERIA (PLACENTAL ANIMALS)

• 95% of mammals are included in this group.
• Viviparous.
• Placenta → connecting link between mother and fetus.
• Common e.g. Camel, donkey, elephant, bat, whale, dolphin.
• Markhor is the national animal of Pakistan also known as Wild goat.